Open questions — moisturisation-physiology (round 2)

• What soak duration (5–10 vs 10–20 min) is optimal for toddlers in soak and seal, and does a strict 3-minute seal window measurably beat sealing at 5–10 minutes?
• Do urea (≤5%) or ceramide emollients outperform plain emollients for toddlers aged 1–4, and how common is urea stinging in under-5s? (Only 8–16-year-old data found.)
• Does constant heavy occlusion suppress the skin’s own filaggrin-to-NMF conversion (shown with occlusive patches), and does this matter for long-term emollient use in children?
• Is TEWL a reliable early-risk marker outside controlled clinic conditions (Kelleher 2015 vs Chittock 2024), and could it select infants for targeted prevention trials?